How the Hudaybiyyah truce broke down, why the Muslims approached Makkah, and how restraint helped make the city’s transfer of power far less destructive.

Read about the Battle of Mu’ta, its three appointed commanders, Khalid’s leadership and what the surviving reports establish about its outcome.

Editorial note: Authenticated hadith preserve the letter to Heraclius and the report of the letter sent to Khosrau. Lists of…

A balanced, source-aware account of events after Khaybar, including land agreements, Safiyya bint Huyayy’s manumission and marriage, and the return to Madinah.

Understand the Battle of Khaybar, Ali’s instructions, discipline in the camp and the agricultural agreement that followed the campaign.

Why the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah initially seemed unfavourable, how the Prophet chose restraint, and why the Quran described the agreement as a clear victory.

Explore Bay‘at al-Ridwan at Hudaybiyyah: the pilgrimage, Uthman’s mission, the pledge beneath the tree and the negotiations that followed.

A source-aware overview of security expeditions around 6 AH, including Thumama ibn Uthal and Dhu Qarad, with disputed chronology clearly identified.

A careful account of Zaynab bint Jahsh’s marriage to the Prophet, Zayd ibn Harithah’s place in the story and the Quranic reform of adoption terminology.

A careful account of Banu Qurayza after the Trench: the campaign, Sa‘d’s judgment, captivity and the evidence and limits of the surviving reports.