Browsing: Companions

The beginning of Abu Bakr’s caliphate: public responsibility, livelihood, consultation and accounts of community life after the Prophet’s death.

How Umar became the second caliph, the challenges facing his government and the strongest evidence for his approach to consultation, public safety and succession.

The dispute over the Prophet Muhammad’s estate: Fatima’s request, Abu Bakr’s position, Fadak and the differences between Sunni and Shia readings.

A balanced look at non-Muslim communities under Umar: conquest, taxation, legal status, local continuity and the limits of later covenant traditions.

Usama ibn Zayd’s expedition and the Ridda conflicts: Abu Bakr’s early decisions, the zakat debate and the importance of historical context.

Read about Umar as a caliph: public funds, the Hijri calendar, personal accountability and the distinction between documented reports and later stories.

After the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE, the first Muslim community faced a sudden crisis of leadership…

A source-conscious look at Umar ibn al-Khattab’s relationships with Abdullah and Hafsa, and the principle that public authority should not become private family advantage.

Musaylima’s defeat at Yamama: his earlier claim, Wahshi’s account and why the loss of Quran reciters led to a major preservation project.

How Umar ibn al-Khattab understood leadership as responsibility for public welfare, with attention to zakat, vulnerable households and the limits of popular anecdotes.